Many people struggle with upper lip sweat.

While there are multiple reasons for this issue, the most common reason people sweat on from their face is because they have a condition called primary focal hyperhidrosis.

Primary focal hyperhidrosis (PFH) is a condition that causes people to sweat excessively from specific areas of the body including the hands, feet, armpits, and face.[1]

Excessive facial sweating is often referred to as craniofacial hyperhidrosis and this type of hyperhidrosis often affects various parts of the face and scalp, including the upper lip area.

Luckily, there are several treatments that people can try to reduce upper lip sweating and improve their quality of life.[1]

Causes of Excessive Upper Lip Sweating

It is important to distinguish why someone has an issue with excessive upper lip sweat because the type of treatment a person receives will depend on the cause of their sweating.

Unlike primary focal hyperhidrosis, which doesn’t have a well understood cause, secondary generalized hyperhidrosis is caused by a specific underlying medical condition or medication.

Certain diseases and conditions cause secondary hyperhidrosis including hyperthyroidism, some cancers, HIV, some infections like tuberculosis, and several others.

Secondary hyperhidrosis can also be caused by medicines like antidepressants, painkillers, hypoglycemic agents, and many of types of medicines. 

In some rare cases, upper lip sweating can be caused by a type of hyperhidrosis called gustatory hyperhidrosis.

Gustatory sweating is occurs when people eat certain foods which makes them flush and sweat profusely from the face.

This type of sweating is very uncommon, but it should be considered if facial sweating occurs only when eating or thinking about food. Most of the time gustatory sweating is caused by an injury or damage to the parotid gland.[1]

Treatments for Upper Lip Sweating

If you are struggling with upper lip sweat caused by primary focal hyperhidrosis then there are several ways to manage your symptoms.

Antiperspirant: There are some antiperspirants for places like the face and groin that have sensitive skin and it may be beneficial to try these products before moving on to more intensive options.[1]

1% topical hydrocortisone cream can greatly reduce irritation caused by antiperspirants when used on the face.[3]

Anticholinergic medications can be applied topically or taken in a pill form. This type of medication stops the body from producing sweat and is often used once local therapies have failed.

Topical formulations of anticholinergic medications have the benefit that they cause less side effects than when the pill form is taken.

Oral anticholinergics can cause systemic side effects and the benefits need to be weighed against the risks. For people with intense facial and upper lip sweating medications can provide much needed relief.[3]

Botox offers another great option for treating craniofacial hyperhidrosis and it can be used to treat specific areas like the upper lip.

The FDA has approved botox for the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis, but it has been used with promising efficacy in patients with craniofacial hyperhidrosis.

Unfortunately, complications can arise and muscles in the face can be weakened by botox exposure.

This is why it is imperative to consult an experienced doctor and know the risks before undergoing any type of procedure.

When upper lip sweating is treated by botox there is also a risk that patients may experience pursing of the lips or a change in speech patterns which are temporary side effects, but which can be serious. It is relatively uncommon for patients to experience side effects from the procedure and many get great results that allow them to live without symptoms for months at a time.[1]

Surgery. If patients have severe upper lip sweating and haven’t responded to any other treatments, there is a type of surgery that may be able to improve symptoms. 

This type of surgery is called endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy and it is typically used to relieve the symptoms of palmar hyperhidrosis. It has been found to be effective in people with craniofacial sweating, but should be used as a last result as it is an intensive and invasive procedure. Unfortunately, a side effect of the surgery called compensatory sweating may limit how beneficial the surgery is in terms of improving a person’s quality of life.[3]

If you suffer from excessive upper lip sweat, it is important to find a way to manage your symptoms. There are effective treatments and they often greatly improve patient's quality of life.

Sources

1. Pariser, D. M. (2014). Hyperhidrosis (4th ed., Vol. 32). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier
2. Nicholas, R., Quddus, A., & Baker, D. M. (2015). Treatment of Primary Craniofacial Hyperhidrosis: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 16(5), 361-370. doi:10.1007/s40257-015-0136-6
3. Craniofacial hyperhidrosis can usually be managed pharmacologically, but surgery may sometimes be needed. (2016). . Drugs & Therapy Perspectives, 32(5), 191-194. doi:10.1007/s40267-016-0282-9

While there is no exact standard as to how much foot sweat is too much in a 24 hour period, there are ways to determine whether you are sweating in excess of what is normal or not. It is normal to sweat from your feet during periods of intense activity and when exposed to high heat. However, many people struggle with a condition called hyperhidrosis which causes causes them to sweat excessively. Hyperhidrosis is defined as sweating that is in excess of what the body needs for thermoregulation. Typically, people sweat in order to cool down their body temperature, but when someone sweats so much that it is no longer serving this function it is considered to be excessive.[1]

There are two main types of hyperhidrosis: primary focal hyperhidrosis and secondary generalized hyperhidrosis. Both types can cause someone to have excessively sweaty feet, but primary focal hyperhidrosis is more likely to affect the feet. Primary focal hyperhidrosis causes excessive sweating on specific parts of the body like the hands, feet, armpits, face, and head. According to a retrospective chart review published in the Journal of Dermatologic Clinics, about 25% of people with hyperhidrosis have palmar (hand) and plantar (foot) involvement while only 15.5% of people have hyperhidrosis that only affects their feet. Even though that seems like a relatively small number of people, about 2.8% of the US population has hyperhidrosis so it is relatively high number of people who are affected.[1]

If you aren’t sure whether or not your foot sweating is excessive, there are certain signs that can alert you to whether or not you might have hyperhidrosis. People with hyperhidrosis can sweat up to four times more than the average person and this can have a negative on their quality of life.[2] Here are some ways that excessively sweaty feet may interfere with your life if you have a problem:

Your shoes are consistently soaked, stained, or destroyed by your constant production of sweat.

You have difficulties wearing flip flops, sandals, and slippers because the sweat on your feet causes them to be slippery.

You struggle to walk around barefoot because your feet are so wet.

You need to wear especially absorbent socks in order to keep your feet and shoes dry.

Your feet are often cold because of the constant presence of sweat.[1]

If you sweat so much from your feet that you are experiencing some or many of the symptoms listed above, you are probably sweating in excess of what is normal. Another way to determine whether you are sweating too much from your feet is to determine how it is affecting your life. If you think about your sweating frequently and often change your behaviors to deal with it, then you are probably sweating more than the average person. For example, if you refuse to wear flip flops because you know they won’t stay on your feet because of sweating, then you are sweating too much.[2]

If you suspect that you have hyperhidrosis then it is a good idea to speak with a dermatologist, as the are the best type of doctors to treat hyperhidrosis. Doctors have several tools to measure whether you have hyperhidrosis. Most of the time, doctors will administer a type of questionnaire that asseses how much sweating is impacting a person’s life. One of these questionnaires is called the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS). This questionnaire has patients rank their symptoms on a scale from 1 to 4, with higher scores corresponding to more severe symptoms. Doctors also use other types of self-reporting questionnaires to determine whether or not a patient has hyperhidrosis and to determine how severe it is.[1]

There are also other types of tests that doctors can use to determine how much you are sweating, but they are not normally needed to assess whether or not someone has hyperhidrosis. These types of tests include the iodine-starch test, skin conductance, and a thermoregulatory sweat test.[3] An iodine starch test can be used to outline the area where excessive sweating is occuring. In this test an iodine solution is spread over the area in question and a few minutes later starch powder is sprinkled over the area. The starch and iodine interact in the presence of sweat and create a purplish color. This can tell the doctor how much a person is sweating and where the specific problem is. It also allows doctors to determine whether hyperhidrosis treatments, like botox injections, are working or not.[4] Skin conductance tests and thermoregulatory tests are not typically needed for a hyperhidrosis diagnosis, but they can help to determine how much sweat a person is producing.

If you do find that you sweat more from your feet than is normal, there are many treatments for sweaty feet that you can look into. Treatments for hyperhidrosis tend to be quite effective, so talk to a doctor if your sweaty feet are getting you down.

Sources

1. Pariser, D. M. (2014). Hyperhidrosis (4th ed., Vol. 32). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier
2. Nguyen, A. (n.d.). How Much Sweating Is Excessive? Retrieved May 31, 2019, from https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/features/how-much-sweat-is-normal#1
3. Hyperhidrosis. (n.d.). Retrieved May 31, 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperhidrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20367173
4. Haider, A., & Solish, N. (2005). Focal hyperhidrosis: Diagnosis and management. CMAJ, 172(1), 69-75. Retrieved May 31, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC543948/

Is not at all an option? 

While there is no exact standard as to how much foot sweat is too much in a 24 hour period, there are ways to determine whether you are sweating in excess of what is normal or not.

Normal: 

• During periods of intense activity
• When exposed to high heat
• Unbreathable fabrics

However, many people struggle with a condition called hyperhidrosis which causes causes them to sweat excessively.

Hyperhidrosis is defined as sweating that is in excess of what the body needs for thermoregulation. 

Two types of excessive foot sweat: 

• Primary focal hyperhidrosis 
• Secondary generalized hyperhidrosis.

Both types can cause someone to have excessively sweaty feet, but primary focal hyperhidrosis is more likely to affect the feet.

Primary focal hyperhidrosis causes excessive sweating on specific parts of the body like the hands, feet, armpits, face, and head.

2.8% of the US population has hyperhidrosis and 25% of those people have palmer (foot) hyperhidrosis so it is relatively common.[1]

Unsure if your foot sweating is excessive, here are signs you might have hyperhidrosis: 

• You have to change your socks at least once during the day
• Your shoes and socks reek at the end of the day
• You leave footprints on floors (really)
• You are prone to blisters and moisture-caused irritation
• You hesitate to remove your shoes in front of others
• You take into account sweat when choosing which shoes to wear
• Your shoes are consistently soaked, stained, or destroyed by your constant production of sweat
• You have difficulties wearing flip flops, sandals, and slippers because the sweat on your feet causes them to be slippery
• You struggle to walk around barefoot because your feet are so wet
• Your feet are often cold because of the constant presence of sweat[1]

If you sweat so much from your feet that you are experiencing some or many of the symptoms listed above, you are probably sweating in excess of what is normal.

If you suspect that you have hyperhidrosis then it is a good idea to speak with a dermatologist, as the are the best type of doctors to treat hyperhidrosis.

What will the doctor do? 

First up, you'll likely fill out a questionnaire that assesses how much sweating is impacting your life. One of these questionnaires is called the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS).

This questionnaire has patients rank their symptoms on a scale from 1 to 4, with higher scores corresponding to more severe symptoms.

Doctors also use other types of self-reporting questionnaires to determine whether or not a patient has hyperhidrosis and to determine how severe it is.[1]

Other tests:

• Iodine-starch test
• Skin conductance
• Rhermoregulatory sweat test[3]

An iodine starch test can be used to outline the area where excessive sweating is occurring.

In this test an iodine solution is spread over the area in question and a few minutes later starch powder is sprinkled over the area.

The starch and iodine interact in the presence of sweat and create a purplish color. This can tell the doctor how much a person is sweating and where the specific problem is. It also allows doctors to determine whether hyperhidrosis treatments, like botox injections, are working or not.[4]

Skin conductance tests and thermoregulatory tests are not typically needed for a hyperhidrosis diagnosis, but they can help to determine how much sweat a person is producing.

If you do find that you sweat more from your feet than is normal, there are many treatments for sweaty feet that you can look into.

Sources

1. Pariser, D. M. (2014). Hyperhidrosis (4th ed., Vol. 32). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier
2. Nguyen, A. (n.d.). How Much Sweating Is Excessive? Retrieved May 31, 2019, from https://www.webmd.com/skin-problems-and-treatments/features/how-much-sweat-is-normal#1
3. Hyperhidrosis. (n.d.). Retrieved May 31, 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperhidrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20367173
4. Haider, A., & Solish, N. (2005). Focal hyperhidrosis: Diagnosis and management. CMAJ, 172(1), 69-75. Retrieved May 31, 2019, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC543948/

Summer sweat can dampen anyone’s day, but if you also happen to have hyperhidrosis, things can get messy fast. For many with hyperhidrosis, soaking through clothing and footwear, especially during times of high heat, is a big problem. It can get so bad that it affects a person’s quality of life. In fact, one evaluation of a series of patients documented in the journal of Dermatologic Clinics found that 70% of patients with axillary hyperhidrosis reported needing to change their clothes two or more times per day.[1] Luckily, there are tips and tricks that can help find the best clothes for people who sweat excessively.

Material Matters

The material your clothing is made from matters more than almost anything else when it comes to reducing the impact of sweat. The type of fiber you put on your body determines how breathable your clothing is, and ultimately, how much sweat gets trapped against your skin. During the summer (and any other season) it is a good idea to wear light natural fibers. Cotton or linen are excellent choices. They absorb sweat and keep it from clinging to the body while also allowing for air flow to cool the skin. Wool and silk are also natural fibers that may allow skin to breathe, but they may not be the best choice in during the heat of summer. If you are going to work out then choose a moisture wicking material. There are many options available as moisture wicking technology has flourished in recent years. Finally, if you need to wear something stretchy, then opt for a moisture wicking blend, even if it has polyester. Typically is it best to avoid synthetic fabrics, but in the case of stretchy fabrics, a cotton blend is not the best bet.[1][2]

Dress in Layers

One great method to use when you sweat a lot is to dress in layers. This applies to what you wear in the summer. If you are planning to wear a short sleeved shirt you can wear a cotton undershirt to absorb sweat and prevent stains. This also gives you the ability to shed clothing as the day heats up, and possibly prevent sweat from affecting all of the clothing you have with you.[3]

Another strategy some people use is to wear specific, absorbent undergarments or pads that soak up sweat so it doesn’t bleed through to clothing. This may not be something you choose to do every day, but it might be a good idea if you are dressing up or in a situation where you need to wear less breathable clothing on a certain day.

Color Strategies

This won’t prevent you from sweating into your clothes, but it may help hide any sweat stains you do accrue. The obvious trick is to wear darker colors to conceal stains, and this does work. However, you can also wear bold prints, like bright florals or plaids, to cover up any stains. Very light colors are often effective in covering up stains as well.

Footwear

This one is especially important because your feet are the foundation of your body. If you have sweaty feet, you should try to air them out when you can, just to let the skin breathe. When you do need to wear shoes you should try to find shoes made of natural materials like leather. According to the Mayo Clinic website, it is best to wear athletic moisture wicking socks as often as possible. It is also imperative to change socks frequently so your feet are not sitting in sweat for long periods of time. It can be tough to wear flip flops because of slippage, so wearing sandals with straps may be an easier option.[2]

Use Antiperspirant Wisely

If you have hyperhidrosis, then you are probably familiar with antiperspirant. If not, then you should invest in some. Applying antiperspirant properly is an important step in preventing sweat from taking over your wardrobe. You should ideally apply it at night to dry skin. Antiperspirant applied at night continues to work through the next day and is much more effective than when applied right after showering in the morning. The aluminum chloride (or neutralized salt) that is the active ingredient in your antiperspirant works best if given 6 to 8 hours to work on skin and people with primary focal hyperhidrosis are less likely to sweat and rub off antiperspirant at night.[1] If you aren’t how to choose the right over-the-counter antiperspirant, read up on the active ingredients and talk to your doctor to find a solution.

If you have hyperhidrosis and you are struggling with finding clothes that work for you, know that you are not alone. Many people struggle with this problem and there are effective treatments and solutions to manage your sweat out there.

Sources

1. Pariser, D. M. (2014). Hyperhidrosis (4th ed., Vol. 32). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
2. Hyperhidrosis. (n.d.). Retrieved April 18, 2019, from https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hyperhidrosis/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20367173
3. Cherney, K. (n.d.). 6 Hacks for Getting Dressed When You Have Hyperhidrosis (Excessive Sweating). Retrieved April 18, 2019, from https://www.healthline.com/health/diagnosing-hyperhidrosis/tips-for-dressing#1

Wonder if you are sweating more than the average person? If sweat is regularly drowning your plans then take this quiz to find out whether you might have a condition called hyperhidrosis. It is a treatable medical condition that causes people to sweat in excess of what is needed by the body.

1. Do you sweat even when it’s cool out and you are dressed in light-weight clothing?

1. Yes
2. No

2. Have you been self-conscious about sweating for as long as you can remember, or at least since your teenage years?

1. Yes
2. No

3. Do you sweat excessively more often during the day or the night?

1. Day
2. Night
3. Both! It stinks.
4. Neither, I don't sweat very often.

4. When you sweat, is it brought on by exercise or being in a hot environment the majority of the time?

1. Yes
2. No
3. Sometimes, but other times I sweat for no apparent reason

5. Have you started sweating more since beginning a new medication?

1. Yes, now that I think about it...
2. No, I sweat no matter what - always have!
3. No, I don't sweat much.

6. Do you sweat a ton when you are in an anxiety-producing situation, like public speaking or when performing?

1. Yep, like a fountain.
2. A little more, but not enough to notice much.
3. Nope! Not at all.

7. Do your sandals slip off and your socks get soaked regularly because your feet are so wet from sweating?

1. Yes, half the time I don’t even bother wearing sandals anymore.
2. Sometimes, but not unless I’m very active and it doesn’t bother me.
3. No, I didn’t even know people’s feet could sweat!

8. Do you have sweaty palms so often that it feels awkward to shake someone’s hand?

1. Yes, I completely dread doing that.
2. No, I never really thought about it.

9. Do other people notice that you are sweating and make comments on it?

1. Yes, it’s embarrassing.
2. No one has ever said anything…

10. Do you change your clothes multiple times a day because they are wet from sweating?

1. Yes, I end up doing so much extra laundry!
2. Only if I work out.

Use the key below to score your quiz and see if you have hyperhidrosis or not:

If your answers are:

1. a.
2. a.
3. a. or c.
4. b. or c.
5. b.
6. a.
7. a.
8. a.
9. a.
10. a.

It sounds like you may have Primary Focal Hyperhidrosis:

Based on the answers you selected it sounds like you are sweating more than the average person, and that this has been an ongoing problem for you. Primary focal hyperhidrosis usually begins early in a person’s life and impacts specific areas of the body like the hands, feet, face, and armpits. For those with primary focal hyperhidrosis, sweating is always an issue, but it is usually worse during times of stress and anxiety. Of course, it is necessary to speak with a doctor before any diagnosis can be made. This type of hyperhidrosis is not dangerous and there are many things that can be done to manage your sweat. Try antiperspirant first, it is an over-the-counter topical treatment for hyperhidrosis specifically designed to reduce sweating. Consult a doctor if conservative measures are not working for you as there are many things that can be done to help. Don’t let sweat dampen your life!

If your answers are:

1. a.
2. b.
3. b.
4. b. or c.
5. a.
6. a. or b.
7. b. or c.
8. b.
9. a.
10. a.

It sounds like you may have Secondary Generalized Hyperhidrosis:

Your answers indicate that you are sweating excessively all over your body, but that it is a relatively new thing. You may also be experiencing frequent night sweats. Secondary hyperhidrosis can be triggered by a multitude of things including medication, disease, or even age-related changes. It is very important that you manage this type of hyperhidrosis with a doctor soon because its causes can be serious. This quiz is not a proper diagnostic tool but based on your results you should seek medical care. In the meantime, you should use an antiperspirant, in addition to deodorant, to control your sweating.

If your answers are:

1. b.
2. b.
3. d.
4. a.
5. c.
6. b. or c.
7. b. or c.
8. b.
9. b.
10. b.

It sounds like you don’t have a major problem with sweating!

Congratulations! Based on your answers to this quiz it doesn’t seem like you are experiencing any problems related to sweat! Carry on! But if you feel like you need a little extra help you can always try an over-the-counter topical treatment, like antiperspirant, to reduce sweating. Of course, if you feel like you may have a medical problem despite what this quiz says - you should consult a doctor!

Sources

1. Pariser, D. M. (2014). Hyperhidrosis (4th ed., Vol. 32). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
2. Huddle, J. R. (2014). Hyperhidrosis: Causes, Treatment Options and Outcomes. New York, NY: Nova Science.

Anyone can struggle with excessive facial sweating under the right conditions, but some people struggle more than others. People who consistently deal with sweating of the face and head may be suffering from a condition called craniofacial hyperhidrosis. It is a type of primary focal hyperhidrosis that causes patients to sweat excessively from the forehead, scalp, nose, chin, and sometimes, cheeks. About 3% of the population has some type of primary focal hyperhidrosis, but only 22.8% of those with the condition specifically have craniofacial sweating.[1] If you think you may have craniofacial hyperhidrosis, or you just struggle with facial sweating, check out these treatment options that may help you find some relief.

Antiperspirants

The first-line treatment for hyperhidrosis in general are over-the-counter topical treatments called antiperspirant. Antiperspirants are agents that reduce the body’s production of sweat and they are usually applied to the skin. Most antiperspirants use aluminum chloride or another type of metallic salt as an active ingredient. Unfortunately, these ingredients can be irritating to the skin which makes it hard to choose the right over-the-counter antiperspirant, especially for those with facial sweating.[2] There are some antiperspirants that are made specifically for the sensitive skin on areas like the face and groin. One brand, called Neat Feat 3B Face Saver Antiperspirant Gel for Facial Perspiration and Shine, is available on Amazon and is specifically formulated for facial sweating. Another brand, called Carpe, will be coming out with an antiperspirant specifically formulated for facial use in May of 2019, which is just a few months away. These new facial antiperspirants will give people selection that was not available until quite recently. Antiperspirants can be safely used on the face, but you should be careful about which products you use as irritation can become an issue. If you find that over-the-counter antiperspirant is not enough, there are some prescription options you can discuss with your dermatologist.

Oral Medications

Sometimes, oral medications are used to treat hyperhidrosis. Most often, doctors will prescribe a type of medication called an anticholinergic which causes the body to produce less sweat by interfering with a neurotransmitter called acetylcholine.[1] Anticholinergics can be effective for some people, but they often have burdensome systemic side effects because they affect the entire body. Glycopyrrolate and oxybutynin are the most common anticholinergics prescribed for hyperhidrosis.[2] Anticholinergics are sometimes available in a topical form that can be applied directly to skin with less side effects, but these medications are newer in the treatment of hyperhidrosis.[3]

Botox

Botox, or botulinum toxin A, has been used to treat hyperhidrosis successfully and is FDA approved for the treatment of axillary hyperhidrosis. It has also been a useful treatment for people with excessive facial sweating when more conservative options haven’t worked. Botox is a toxin made by the bacteria Clostridium botulinum and injected into the skin to stop sweat from being produced.[3] While it is effective, botox does come with some risks when used on the face. Specifically, facial asymmetry is an issue as one side of the face may droop after treatment (ptosis).[4] More studies need to be done to demonstrate how safe and effective botox is for facial sweating, but it is a promising treatment option.

Endoscopic Thoracic Sympathectomy

Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) is a type of surgical procedure used to treat primary focal hyperhidrosis. It is typically used to treat palmar hyperhidrosis (sweaty hands) and it is sometimes used to treat axillary hyperhidrosis. However, ETS is an invasive surgery and it comes with some big risks. Patients can develop complications, like compensatory sweating, that can occasionally be worse than the original hyperhidrosis. Therefore, ETS should only be considered when all other treatment options have been exhausted. The surgery works by disconnecting the nerves that communicate with sweat glands so that they cannot tell them to produce sweat anymore.[3] In order for the surgery to stop craniofacial sweating a surgeon would have to operate on the T2 or T3 area of the spine, which is quite high up on the spine for this type of surgery. It is not commonly done, but it can be very effective when performed by a skilled surgeon.

If you struggle with excessive facial sweating, keep looking until you find a treatment that works for you. There are new innovations happening every day as the medical field recognizes hyperhidrosis as a common and treatable condition more and more each day.

Sources

1. Nicholas, R., Quddus, A., & Baker, D. M. (2015). Treatment of Primary Craniofacial Hyperhidrosis: A Systematic Review. American Journal of Clinical Dermatology, 16(5), 361-370. doi:10.1007/s40257-015-0136-6
2. Pariser, D. M. (2014). Hyperhidrosis (4th ed., Vol. 32). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier.
3. Craniofacial hyperhidrosis can usually be managed pharmacologically, but surgery may sometimes be needed. (2016). . Drugs & Therapy Perspectives, 32(5), 191-194. doi:10.1007/s40267-016-0282-9
4. Huddle, J. R. (2014). Hyperhidrosis: Causes, Treatment Options and Outcomes. New York, NY: Nova Science.